Cyber Arms Transfer: Meaning, Limits, and Implications

نویسندگان

چکیده

What are the motivations and opportunities for arms transfer in cyber realm? Although scholarship has failed to systematically address this question, having an accurate answer is crucial understanding operationalization of commands intelligence alliances, functioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization twenty-first century, viability controls. First, article introduces a new conceptual framework—the people-exploits-tools-infrastructure-organization (PETIO) framework—to understand elements offensive capability. Second, I explain how incentives differ across different PETIO framework. Though exploits tools can be effortlessly replicated, their transitory nature potential operational tracking means there little incentive actually these assets. If any exist state-to-state transfer, it would facilitating other state actors develop own capabilities—that is, by providing expertise, infrastructure, organizational capacity adapt innovate—as does not reduce effectiveness one’s arsenal. Third, argue that transferring effect capabilities weaker compared espionage capabilities, attribution dynamics add additional layer complexity dynamics.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Security Studies

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['0963-6412', '1556-1852']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2022.2041081